Oral polio vaccine (OPV)

• The oral polio vaccine (OPV) was developed in 1961 by Albert Sabin. Also called “trivalent oral polio vaccine” or “Sabin vaccine”, OPV consists of a mixture of live, attenuated (weakened) poliovirus strains of all three poliovirus types.

• OPV produces antibodies in the blood to all three types of poliovirus. In the event of infection, these antibodies protect against paralysis by preventing the spread of wild poliovirus to the nervous system. 

• OPV also produces a local, mucosal immune response in the mucous membrane of the intestines. In the event of infection, these mucosal antibodies limit the replication of the wild poliovirus inside the intestine. This intestinal immune response to OPV is thought to be the main reason why mass campaigns with OPV can rapidly stop person-to-person transmission of wild poliovirus.

Advantages

• OPV is administered orally. It can be given by volunteers and does not require trained health workers or sterile injection equipment.
• The vaccine is relatively inexpensive. In 2011, the cost of a single dose for public health programmes in developing countries was between 11 and 14 US cents. 
• OPV is safe, effective, and induces long-lasting immunity to all three types of poliovirus.
• For several weeks after vaccination, the vaccine virus replicates in the intestine, is excreted in the faeces, and can be spread to others in close contact. 
• This means that in areas where hygiene and sanitation are poor, immunization with OPV can result in the “passive” immunization of people who have not been directly vaccinated.

Foods for Osteoporosis Prevention

It’s no surprise that the superstar of foods for osteoporosis is milk. 

Milk is brimming with bone-strengthening calcium—a crucial nutrient for building healthy bones. 

Go for low-fat or skim milk.Other foods to eat to get more calciyum: yogurt and cheese. 

Aim to eat 3 servings of dairy daily.

You already know how good salmon is for you. But do you know exactly why it’s so good? 

Salmon packs a healthy dose of vitamin D, a mighty nutrient that helps the body absorb and process calcium. 

Other foods full of vitamin D: egg yolks, mushrooms, and tuna. Eat a variety of foods with vitamin D every day.

Almonds support bone health in multiple ways. 

As with some other nuts and seeds, almonds are chock-full of calcium, magnesium, and protein—essential nutrients that help build strong, healthy bones. 

Eat a handful of nuts a day (that’s about 23 almonds).

If you’re not into eating almonds, try pistachios or sunflower seeds—they have similar benefits.

If you don’t like dairy foods, fish, or dark leafy greens (or if you’re lactose intolerant), eat fortified foods, such as fortified breakfast cereals. 

These cereals are enhanced—or fortified—with good-for-you vitamins and minerals, such as calcium and vitamin D. 

Eat at least one serving of fortified foods daily if you don’t get enough of these nutrients from other foods.

Other fortified foods to try: fortified whole grain breads and calcium-fortified orange juice.

A diet to prevent hair loss…STARTS TODAY..!!

Carrots 
It's not just the eyes; Vitamin A-rich carrots provide excellent nourishment for the scalp. A healthy scalp ensures shiny, well-conditioned hair that is strengthened and moisturized.

Prunes 
If your hair suffers from dryness, thinning, stiffness, discoloration or hair fall, depleting reserves of iron might be the culprit. Prunes are known to be great sources of iron and greatly help improve the quality of hair. Also ensure you get plenty of green vegetables and beetroots in your diet in addition to prunes. 

Green peas 
Although green peas are not rich in antioxidants or any specific vitamin or mineral, they contain a well-balanced amount of vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc and B group vitamins. These are essential for maintaining healthy hair. 

Oats 
Not only are oats loaded with fiber that helps maintain a healthy heart and bowels, they also contain a high concentration of other essential nutrients such as zinc, iron and omega-6 fatty acids. Omega-6 fatty acids in particular are essential to maintain normal skin, hair growth and development. Since this essential ingredient is only obtained through the diet, make sure your breakfast includes a bowl of oatmeal every few days in the week. 

Shrimp 
While red meats are best avoided in excess, finding an appropriate substitute for proteins might be a little difficult for those looking to build muscle etc. Alternatively, of the wide variety of sea food available, shrimps are a great substitute. They not only go excellently well in a number of curries and pastas, their potent concentration of Vitamin B12, iron, zinc contain all the necessary nourishment to prevent hair loss. 

Walnuts 
Not only do walnuts have more omega-6 fatty acids than any other food, but they're also full of zinc, iron, B vitamins (B1, B6 and B9), and plenty of protein. However, a word of caution, walnuts also contain a small trace of selenium, a mineral known to cause hair loss in people who are selenium-deficient or have way too much in their system. So a handful of nuts over the week should tide you over without much trouble. 

Eggs 
For a head full of healthy hair, the egg is probably one of your best friends. It's loaded with essential nutrients such as proteins, Vitamin B12, iron, zinc and Omega 6 fatty acids in large amounts. Being deficient in any of these vitamins and minerals is known to result in poor quality of hair. In addition it's also a good source for biotin (Vitamin B7) which is a great aid to fight hair loss. 

Low fat dairy products 
Low-fat dairy products like skim milk and yogurt are great sources of calcium, an important mineral for hair growth. Add a cup of yogurt or cottage cheese to your snack list and to help prevent hair loss, stir in a few tablespoons of flaxseed or walnuts for your required dose of omega 3 fatty acids and zinc.

PEANUT BUTTER

                                                                                                                                                             

 

Helps you loose weight:-

• Calling peanut butter a diet food, with 180 to 210 calories per serving, may seem counter-intuitive.
• But it has the enviable combination of fiber (2 g per serving) and protein (8 g per serving) that fills you up and keeps you feeling full longer, so you eat less overall.
• Plus, there's nothing more indulgent than licking peanut butter off a spoon and indulgence (in moderation) helps dieters fight cravings and stay on track

It's packed with nutrition:-

• A serving of peanut butter has :-
• 3 mg of the powerful antioxidant vitamin E,
• 49 mg of bone-building magnesium,
• 208 mg of muscle-friendly potassium, and
• 0.17 mg of immunity-boosting vitamin B6.

Peanuts can decrease your risk of :-

• heart disease, diabetes, and
• other chronic health conditions.
• consuming 1 ounce of nuts or peanut butter (about 2 tablespoons) at least 5 days a week can lower the risk of developing diabetes by almost 30%.

It's got the good fat

• Peanut butter is chock-full of heart-healthy monounsaturated fat.
• insulin-resistant adults who ate a diet high in monos had less belly fat than people who ate more carbohydrates or saturated fat. 

Benefits of Exercise

There are many benefits of regular exercise and maintaining fitness and these include:

Exercise increases energy levels

Exercise improves both the strength and the efficiency of your cardiovascular system to get the oxygen and nutrients to your muscles.  When your cardiovascular system works better everything seems easier and you have more energy for the fun stuff in life.

Exercise improves muscle strength

Staying active keeps muscles strong and joints, tendons and ligaments flexible, allowing you to move more easily and avoid injury. Strong muscles and ligaments reduce your risk of joint and lower back pain by keeping joints improper alignment. They also improve coordination and balance.

Exercise can help you to maintain a healthy weight

The more you exercise the more calories you burn.  In addition, the more muscle you develop, the higher your metabolic rate becomes, so you burn more calories even when you’re not exercising.  You may lose weight and look better physically which will boost your self-esteem.

Exercise improves brain function

Exercise increases blood flow and oxygen levels in the brain. It also encourages the release of the brain chemicals (hormones) that are responsible for the production of cells in the hippocampus, the part of the brain that controls memory and learning.  This, in turn, boosts concentration levels and cognitive ability, and helps reduce the risk of cognitive degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s.

Exercise is good for your heart

Exercise reduces LDL cholesterol (the type that clogs your arteries), increases HDL (the good cholesterol) and reduces blood pressure so it lowers the stress on your heart.  Added to this, it also strengthens your heart muscle. Combined with a healthy diet, exercise lowers the risk of developing coronary heart disease.

Regular exercise lowers your risk of developing type 2 diabetes

Regular exercise helps to control blood glucose levels, which helps to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.  Additionally exercise helps to prevent obesity, which is a primary factor in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Exercise enhances your immune system

Exercise improves your body’s ability to pump the oxygen and nutrients around your body that are required to fuel the cells that fight bacteria and viruses.

Staying active reduces the likelihood of developing some degenerative bone diseases

Weight bearing exercise such as running, walking or weight training lowers your risk of both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis – the adage of “use it or lose it” really does apply to bones.

Exercise may help to reduce the risk of certain cancers

Being fit may mean that the risks of colon cancer, breast cancer and possibly also lung and endometrial cancers are reduced.

Active people tend to sleep better

Physical activity makes you more tired so you’re more ready to sleep. Good quality sleep helps improve overall wellness and can reduce stress.

Exercise improves your mood and gives you an improved sense of well-being

Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins which make you feel better and more relaxed.  These in turn improve your mood and lower your stress levels.

Exercise can help prevent and treat mental illnesses like depression

Physical activity can help you meet people, reduce stress levels, cope with frustration, give you a sense of achievement, and provide some important “me time”, all of which help with depression.

Keeping fit can reduce some of the effects of aging

Practicing physical activity regular delays the process of ageing.

WHY EAT PRUNES..???

              

It’s not surprising that prunes fell out of favour considering their close association with relieving constipation. .

Beyond the benefits to your digestive tract, and the fact that they offer a sweet hit for only 30 calories, plums and prunes have many other wonderful health properties. Here are just a few:

1. They protect against diseases like cancer
Plums and prunes not only protect the brain from free radical damage but can also help to prevent chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. .

2. They help prevent type 2 diabetes and obesity
Prunes and plums are high in soluble fibre that helps to keep blood sugar levels stable. Soluble fibre slows the rate that food leaves the stomach and, as a result, delays the absorption of sugar into the blood stream. Soluble fibre also increases the body’s sensitivity to insulin.

The soluble fibre in prunes helps you feel satisfied after a meal, which can prevent overeating and subsequent weight gain.

3. Prunes and plums help to lower cholesterol
The soluble fibre we just spoke of also helps to lower cholesterol by soaking up excess bile in the intestine and then excreting it. Bile is made from cholesterol in the liver in order to digest fat. When the body excretes bile along with the fibre from prunes and plums, the liver must use cholesterol in the body to make more bile thereby lowering the amount in circulation in the body.

4. Get improved bone health and reduce the risk of osteoporosis
Recent studies show that prunes and plums are the most effective fruit in preventing and reversing bone loss due to rich sources of phenoic and flavonoid compounds.

5. They’re a good source of vitamin K and beta carotene

A 2013 study showed that an increased intake in beta carotene can actually make people happier. Beta-carotene also protects and fixes the damage of free radicals on our cells meaning it can help reverse the signs of aging. Vitamin K works in conjunction with beta carotene to fight the signs of aging by helping reduce bone loss and improving circulation.

MYTH OR FACT..BROWN SUGAR IS BETTER THAN WHITE SUGAR???

While you should generally limit your intake of both brown and white sugar, you may have heard that brown sugar is better for you. While brown sugar may contain slightly more essential nutrients than white sugar, it isn't necessarily healthy.

What is Brown Sugar?

Brown sugar is simply white sugar mixed with molasses. Therefore, brown sugar can hold its shape like wet sand, while white sugar cannot. Raw sugar is also generally brown in color, and forms when the juice of sugar cane evaporates. However, many people refer to brown sugar as granulated white sugar with molasses added to it.

Is Brown Sugar Really Better?

Molasses and brown sugar do contain more essential nutrients that white sugar, so choosing brown sugar over white is technically healthier. For example, a tablespoon of molasses is a good source of dietary potassium -- and provides small amounts of calcium, magnesium and B vitamins. However, the amount of these essential nutrients you'd be getting from brown sugar is very small and won't do much to meet your daily nutrient needs. Furthermore, just like white sugar, molasses and brown sugar are added sugars that should be limited in your diet as much as possible to avoid unwanted weight gain and increased chronic disease risks.

Calorie Content

Brown sugar and white sugar both contain about the same number of calories per serving. A teaspoon of packed brown sugar provides 17 calories and 1 teaspoon of white sugar contains 16 calories, notes the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database. So, if you're looking for ways to cut calories, choosing brown sugar over white sugar won't be beneficial.

How Much Sugar is Too Much?

To maximize your health and lower risks for unwanted weight gain and chronic diseases, limit added sugars -- including white sugar, brown sugar, and molasses -- as much as possible, suggests the American Heart Association (AHA). The AHA recommends most women limit added sugars to 100 calories or less per day, and men eat no more than 150 calories from added sugar daily. One gram of sugar provides 4 calories.