Recognizing dehydration symptoms
starts by understanding how dehydration works. Patients don't have enough fluid
(water) in their blood to get nutrition and oxygen to their tissues. You can
become dehydrated by sweating too much, by urinating too much, or by not
absorbing water through illness. All of these must also be accompanied by not
replenishing the lost fluid. In many cases, patients can correct dehydration
simply by drinking water.
Dehydration
Causes
Dehydration is always caused by more
fluid leaving the body than entering it. Water only leaves the body one of
three ways: you can sweat it out, breathe it out or pee it out.
Sweating
can be from exercise, heat or both. Some medications can make
sweating worse.
Breathing heavily during exercise or
when short of breath for long periods of time pulls a remarkable amount of
water out of the body. Indeed, when you exercise, a lot of that water weight
you thought you were sweating out is actually lost by breathing heavily.
Excessive
urination can lead to dehydration very quickly. Some of the most common causes
of excessive urination are diuretic medications (water pills), alcohol and
medical conditions such as high blood sugar (hyperglycemia, a condition seen in
untreated diabetes).
Vomiting and diarrhea are
also common causes of dehydration. If you are vomiting or experiencing
diarrhea, your body is not appropriately absorbing fluids.
Dehydration
Symptoms
It's
important to recognize dehydration symptoms early. Untreated, dehydration can
develop into shock. The signs and symptoms of dehydration include:
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Dark urine (may have a strong odor)
- Inability to urinate
- Dry mouth and nose
- Weakness
- Nausea and vomiting
Dehydration Symptoms in
Children
- Dry mouth and tongue
- No tears when crying
- No wet diapers for 3 hours or more
- Sunken abdomen, eyes, or cheeks
- High fever
- Listlessness or irritability
- Skin that does not flatten when pinched and released
Dehydration Symptoms in the Elderly
Dehydration
symptoms in the elderly can be different than in younger adults and children.
Medications that the elderly take are much more likely to lead to dehydration
in that population. One particular symptom of dehydration that is more
pronounced in the elderly is poor skin elasticity. When the skin is pinched, it
holds its form rather than returning to its normal shape.
Treatment
for Dehydration
The best cure for dehydration is
prevention: stay hydrated. Get enough water through drinking and eating. Your
total water intake for the day (all liquids and foods, including coffee, water,
milk, soup, etc.) should be about half a gallon. Remember, some substances make
you pee, which leads you to lose more water than you gain. Alcohol is the number
one culprit for excessive urination.
When dehydration gets bad enough to
cause symptoms, water might not be enough to make you feel better.
Dehydration occurs when the body has
lost too much fluid and electrolytes (the salts potassium and sodium). Dehydration
is particularly dangerous for children, who can die from it within a matter of
days. Although water is extremely important in preventing dehydration, it does
not contain electrolytes.
To
maintain electrolyte levels, you could have broth or soups, which
contain sodium, and fruit juices, soft fruits, or vegetables, which
contain potassium. Sports drinks, like Gatorade, can help restore electrolytes.
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